"Although the majority of patients with advanced ovarian cancer will die of the disease, optimism is justified in view of the improved results of surgery followed by cisplatin and carboplatin based chemotherapy."[1]
Over 2 decades ago I shared that optimistic outlook reported by Neijt, as evidenced by the title of a paper I authored in 1984: "Ovarian Carcinoma. A Decade of Progress."[2] Although great strides were made in the 1970s and 1980s, my sense is that the progress in the past decade and a half represents more nuance and fine points and that ovarian cancer treatment is truly at a crossroads. More on that later.
The 1950s and 1960s
Let's start at the beginning. Before 1950 there were only two options for treating ovarian cancersurgery and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy had not been discovered. Just before the first of today's baby boomers were born (1952), researchers investigating palliation (not cure) of advanced ovarian cancer started using a relative of nitrogen mustard, the alkylating agent hemisulfide mustard, which controlled ascites in 7 of 10 patients.[3] In 1956, researchers at M. D. Anderson Hospital started treating patients with another relative of nitrogen mustard, the alkylating agent melphalan (phenylaline mustard [Alkeran]), which resulted in "shrinkage" (not cure) of tumors in six of seven patients with advanced ovarian cancer.[4]
Fast forward to 1966: Other researchers from M. D. Anderson Hospital reported that melphalan could actually be potentially curative, an amazing concept at that time. They reported that 13 patients "had such an unusual good response that laparotomy was performed . . . to evaluate if an inoperable tumor had become removable [and] to evaluate the need for additional therapy. In each of the 13 patients, no tumor was found and chemotherapy was discontinued" (emphasis mine). At a subsequent follow-up, only two patients had developed recurrence.[5] It is now 40 years later, and we are still searching for the elusive cure for the vast majority of women with advanced ovarian cancer.
The 1970s
For patients treated with melphalan or similar drugs during the 60s and early 70s, no effective treatment was available if melphalan was not successful. However, a 1976 report from the United Kingdom demonstrated that one of every four patients treated had a "response" to (but were not cured by) a totally new class of drugs, represented by cisplatin.[6] Thus was born the modern era of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. That was thirty years ago!
Radical debulking surgery for ovarian cancer has been advocated for more than 70 years. In 1934, Peham and Amreich stated, "in an ovarian tumor which has been recognized as malignant the chief mass of the tumor which is considered inoperable should be removed."[7] That this was not the standard of care was illustrated in a 1976 report, in which 33 of 100 consecutive patients with advanced ovarian cancer had only an omental biopsy as their surgical procedure.[8]
In 1978, the most compelling results for advocating debulking surgery were reported by Griffiths and Fuller.[9] They reported that the 40-month survival was best for patients who underwent debulking surgery that resulted in residual disease less than 1.6 cm in diameter. In contrast, no patient with residual disease larger than 1.5 cm survived 40 months! Some 30 years later, most oncologists currently agree that optimal residual disease in advanced ovarian cancer is defined as tumor masses less than 1 cm in greatest diameter.
1. Neijt JP: Treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: 10 years of experience. Ann Oncol 3:17-27, 1992.
2. Piver MS: Ovarian carcinoma. A decade of progress. Cancer 54:2706-2715, 1984.
3. Seligman AM, Ruttenburg AM, Persky L, et al: Effectiveness of 2-chloro-2´-hydroxy-diethyl sulfide (hemisulfide mustard) on carcinomatosis with ascites. Cancer 5:354-363, 1952.
4. Samuels ML, Howe CD, McDonald EJ: Alkylating agents in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer of the ovary, in Cumley RW et al (eds): Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix, Endometrium and Ovary, pp 329-338. Chicago, Yearbook of Medical Publishers, 1962.
5. Rutledge F, Burns DC: Chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 96:761-772, 1966.
6. Wiltshaw E, Kroner T. Phase II study of cis-dichloro-diammine platinum (II) (NSC-119875) in advanced adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Treat Rep 60:55-60, 1976.
7. Peham HV, Amreich J: Malignant tumors: 50 years ago, in Peham HV, Amreich J (eds): Operative Gynecology. Philadelphia, Lippin-cott, 1934.
8. Piver MS, Barlow JJ: Preoperative and intraoperative evaluation in ovarian malignancy. Obstet Gynecol 48:312-315, 1976.
9. Griffiths CT, Fuller AF: Intensive surgical and chemotherapeutic management of advanced ovarian cancer. Surg Clin North Am 58:131-142, 1978.
10. Bagley CM Jr, Young RC, Canellos GP, et al: Treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Possibilities for progress. N Engl J Med 288:856-862, 1972.
11. Piver MS, Barlow JJ, Lele SB: Incidence of subclinical metastasis in stage I and II ovarian carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 52:100-104, 1978.
12. Young RC, Decker DJ, Warden JT, et al: Staging laparotomy in early ovarian cancer. JAMA 250:3072-3076, 1983.
13. Vogl SE, Berenzweig M, Kaplan BH, et al: The CHAD and HAD regimens in advanced ovarian cancer: Combination chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide, hexamethyl-melamine, adriamycin and cis-dichloro-diammine platinum (II). Cancer Treat Rep 63:311-317, 1979.
14. McGuire WP, Rowinsky EK, Rosenhein MV, et al: Taxol: A unique anti-neoplastic agent with significant activity in advanced ovarian epithelial neoplasms. Ann Intern Med 11:273-279, 1989.
15. McGuire WP, Hoskins WJ, Brady MF, et al: Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 334:1-6, 1996.
16. Ozols RF, Bundy BN, Greer BE, et al: Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel with cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer. A GOG study. J Clin Oncol 21:3194-3200, 2003.