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Home » Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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CANCER MANAGEMENT: ONLINE EDITION 

Prostate Cancer

By Judd W. Moul, MD, FACS1, Andrew J. Armstrong, MD, SCM2, Joseph Lattanzi, MD3 | March 8, 2013
1Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center 2Divisions of Medical Oncology and Urology, Duke University Medical Center and the Duke Cancer Institute 3Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Ocean County Hospital, Meridian Health System

  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • Overview
  • Epidemiology
  • Etiology and Risk Factors
  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Screening and Diagnosis
  • Pathology
  • Prognosis and Natural History
  • Treatment
  • Suggested Reading

Suggested Reading

Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL 3rd, et al; PLCO Project Team: Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med 360:1351–1354, 2009.

Armstrong AJ, Eisenberger MA, Halabi S, et al: Biomarkers in the management and treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 61:549–559, 2012.

Armstrong AJ, Garrett-Mayer E, de Wit R, et al: Prediction of survival following first-line chemotherapy in men with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 16:203–211, 2010.

Armstrong AJ, Garrett-Mayer ES, Yang YC, et al: A contemporary prognostic nomogram for men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer: A TAX327 study analysis. Clin Cancer Res 13:6396–6403, 2007.

Armstrong AJ, Tannock IF, de Wit R, et al: The development of risk groups in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer based on risk factors for PSA decline and survival. Eur J Cancer 46:517–525, 2010.

Attard G, Reid AH, A'Hern R, et al: Selective inhibition of CYP17 with abiraterone acetate is highly active in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:3732–3748, 2009.

Bañez LL, Hamilton RJ, Partin AW, et al: Obesity-related plasma hemodilution and PSA concentration among men with prostate cancer. JAMA 298:2275–2280, 2007.

Barry MJ: Screening for prostate cancer—The controversy that refuses to die. N Engl J Med 360:1351–1354, 2009.

Bolla M, van Poppel H, Collette L, et al: Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet 366:572–578, 2005.

Briganti A, Karnes RJ, Da Pozzo LF, et al: Combination of adjuvant hormonal and radiation therapy significantly prolongs survival of patients with pT2-4 pN+ prostate cancer: Results of a matched analysis. Eur Eurol 59:832–840, 2011.

Calais da Silva FE, Bono AV, Whelan P, et al: Intermittent androgen deprivation for locally advance and metastatic prostate cancer: Results from a randomized phase 3 study of the South European Uroncological Group. Eur Urol 55:1269–1277, 2009.

D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA, et al: Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: A randomized trial. JAMA 299:289–295, 2008.

D'Amico AV, Denham JW, Crook J, et al: Influence of androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer on the frequency and timing of fatal myocardial infarctions. J Clin Oncol 25:2420–2425, 2007.

de Bono JS, Logothetis C, Molina A, et al: Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 364:1995–2005, 2011.

de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al: Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: A randomised open-label trial. Lancet 376:1147–1154, 2010.

de Bono JS, Scher HI, Montgomery RB, et al: Circulating tumor cells predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14:6302–6309, 2008.

Droz JP, Balducci L, Bolla M, et al: Management of prostate cancer in older men: Recommendations of a working group of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology. BJU Int 106:462–469, 2010.

Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, et al: Death in patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: Prostate-specific antigen doubling time subgroups and their associated contributions to all-cause mortality. J Clin Oncol 25:1765–1771, 2007.

Freedland SJ, Mavropoulos J, Wang A, et al: Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin-like growth factor axis. Prostate 68:11–19, 2008.

Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Platz EA, et al: Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer 121:1571–1578, 2007.

Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E: Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 60:277–300, 2010.

Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al: Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med: 363:411–422, 2010.

Kawachi MH, Bahnson RR, Barry M, et al: NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Prostate cancer early detection. J Natl Comp Canc Netw 8:240–262, 2010.

Keating NL, O'Malley AJ, Freedland SJ, et al: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy: Observational study of veterans with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:39–46, 2010.

Kirsh VA, Peters U, Mayne ST, et al: Prospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1200–1209, 2007.

Klotz L, Zhang L, Lam A, et al: Clinical results of long-term follow-up of a large, active surveillance cohort with localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 28:126–131, 2010.

Loblaw DA, Virgo KS, Nam R, et al: Initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer: 2006 Update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 25:1596–1605, 2007.

Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF, et al: Survival following primary androgen deprivation therapy among men with localized prostate cancer. JAMA 300:173–181, 2008.

Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF, et al: Outcomes of localized prostate cancer following conservative management. JAMA 302:1202–1209, 2009.

Messing EM, Manola J, Yao J, et al: Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol 7:472–479, 2006.

Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS: Intracrine androgen metabolism in prostate cancer progression: Mechanisms of castration resistance and therapeutic implications. Best Pract Res Clin Enocrinol Metab 22:242–258, 2008.

Moul JW, Wu H, Sun L, et al: Early versus delayed hormonal therapy for prostate specific antigen only recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 179(5s):S53–S59, 2008.

Murphy DG, Bjartell A, Ficarra V, et al: Downsides of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: limitations and complications. Eur Urol 57:735–746, 2010.

Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, et al: Updated analysis of the phase III, double-blind, randomized, multinational study of radium-223 chloride in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients with bone metastases (ALSYMPCA). J Clin Oncol 30(suppl): abstract LBA4512, 2012.

Pili R, Haggman M, Stadler WM, et al: Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tasquinimod in men with minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 29:4022–4028, 2011.

Ryan CJ, Smith MR, deBono JS, et al: Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 368:138–148, 2013.

Ryan CJ, Smith MR, Fong L, et al: Phase I clinical trial of the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate demonstrating clinical activity in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer who received prior ketoconazole therapy. J Clin Oncol 28:1481–1488, 2010.

Sanda MG, Dunn RL, Michalski J, et al: Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors. N Engl J Med 358:1250–1261, 2008.

Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al: Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 367:1187–1197, 2012.

Scher HI, Halabi S, Tannock I, et al: Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: Recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. J Clin Oncol 26:1148–1159, 2008.

Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al: ERSPC Investigators: Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med 360:1320–1328, 2009.

Schröder FH, Roach M 3rd, Scardino P: Clinical decisions: Management of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 359:2605–2609, 2008.

Stephenson AJ, Kattan MW, Eastham JA, et al: Prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy for patients treated in the prostate-specific antigen era. J Clin Oncol 27:4300–4305, 2009.

Tang P, Sun L, Uhlman MA, et al: Initial prostate specific antigen 1.5 ng/ml or greater in men 50 years old or younger predicts higher prostate cancer risk. J Urol 183:946–950, 2010.

Thompson IM, Ankerst DP, Chi C, et al: Assessing prostate cancer risk: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:529–534, 2006.

Thompson I, Trasher JB, Aus G, et al: AUA Prostate Cancer Clinical Guideline Update Panel: Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update. J Urol 177:2106–2131, 2007.

Tran C, Ouk S, Clegg NJ, et al: Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Science 324:787–790, 2009.

Trock BJ, Han M, Freedland SJ, et al: Prostate cancer-specific survival following salvage radiotherapy vs observation in men with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA 299:2760–2769, 2008.

Walsh PC, DeWeese TL, Eisenberger MA: Clinical practice: Localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 357:2696–2705, 2007.

Warde P, Mason M, Ding K, et al: Combined androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: A randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 378:2104-2111, 2011.

Wong YN, Mitra N, Hudes G, et al: Survival associated with treatment vs observation of localized prostate cancer in elderly men. JAMA 296:2683–2693, 2006.

Zheng SL, Sun J, Wiklund F, et al: Cumulative association of five genetic variants with prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 358:910–919, 2008.

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Cancer Management: Genitourinary malignancies

Prostate Cancer

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Topic Index

Cancer Types

 
  • Breast
  • Breast (HER2+)
  • Breast (Triple-Negative)
  • CML
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RELATED CONTENT

New AUA Guidelines for Prostate Cancer Screening
May 17, 2013

The American Urological Association (AUA) released a new clinical guideline detailing recommendations for the use of prostate cancer screening in average-risk men based upon evidence from a systematic literature review. The guideline, which was announced during the 2013 AUA Annual Meeting, recommends that men aged 55 to 69 years who are considering undergoing prostate cancer screening should talk with their physicians about the benefits and risks of screening.

Lower Back Pain in an Elderly Man With a History of Localized Prostate Cancer
May 17, 2013

A 70-year-old man with a history of localized prostate cancer treated with whole-pelvis radiation therapy with a boost to the prostate, in conjunction with androgen deprivation therapy 7 years prior, presented with lower back pain. A bone scan revealed an area of activity in the sacrum. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Radium-223 Gets Early FDA Nod for Bone Mets in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
May 16, 2013

Radium-223 dichloride (Xofigo) received FDA approval for the treatment of symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that has metastasized to the bone but no other organs.


 
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