SAN DIEGO--Since thrombopoie-tin (TPO), the ligand for the Mpl receptor, was cloned by four separate laboratories in 1994, researchers have been exploring, with animal models and in clinical settings, how it can be used to benefit patients. Kenneth Kaushansky, MD, a prominent researcher in the field, summarized some of the results of the studies to date, at the Sixth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, sponsored by the University of California, San Diego.
Numerous studies have established that thrombopoietin, a hematopoietic growth factor, is the chief regulator of platelet production. While hematologists have sought this platelet regulator for decades, the results so far have been heartening, but not totally successful when used in patients, said Dr. Kaushansky, of the Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle.
Dr. Kaushansky noted that several studies have reported the presence of Mpl on leukemic blast cells and from patients with myeloproliferative syndromes of all histologic types. But determining the effect, if any, that TPO has on leukemic cells, has been tricky.
Measuring thymidine uptake has been the primary way to determine the effects of TPO on the proliferation of leukemic cells. Unfortunately, the cells only need to synthesize DNA once for this assay to be positive, which is an effect that might have no clinical significance.
One published study has addressed whether TPO induces long-term proliferation. The scientists found only 4 of 15 cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) in which thymidine uptake assay was positive and grew in long-term culture of 2 to 4 weeks. Interestingly, two cases grew as blasts, and in two others, the leukemic cells ultimately underwent maturation.
MGDF Studies
There have been two published studies of the administration of megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) following chemotherapy, Dr. Kaushansky said. MGDF is a truncated version of thrombopoietin.
In both studies, MGDF was not toxic, and platelet recovery to baseline was accelerated significantly. In this pair of studies, however, the platelet nadirs were not severe. Dr. Kaushansky said that additional studies of MGDF utilizing more aggressive chemotherapy protocols will need to be done to prove its therapeutic efficacy.
In the only clinical trial involving pegylated recombinant human MGDF (PEGrHuMGDF) in AML, physicians observed no toxicity. But the news was not all good. Platelet recovery did not speed up nor was there a reduction in the number of platelet transfusions required during induction chemotherapy. Dr. Kaushansky noted that further studies are now being done using different doses and dosing levels.
Use in Transplantation
Clinical trials with TPO in the transplantation setting have been mixed, he said. In one animal study using a transplant of 105 marrow cells, TPO in the recipient failed to accelerate platelet recovery. However, its administration to the donor greatly accelerated recovery of platelets and reticulocytes in recipients, regardless of whether the latter received TPO. When 106 marrow cells were used, TPO did lead to accelerated platelet recovery in transplant recipients.
There have been numerous trials involving TPO in autologous marrow and peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation, Dr. Kaushansky said. But the only positive trial used marrow; hematopoietic recovery was not affected by TPO in PBSC transplants.
In a study in which rhTPO was used in patients in whom platelet engraftment was significantly delayed following autologous transplantation, only two of 37 patients experienced improved platelet counts with use of rhTPO.
Dr. Kaushansky also theorized about a possible role for thrombopoietin in thrombocytopenic patients with hepatic failure. While there are many potential causes for the thrombocytopenia seen in liver failure patients, such as splenic pooling, aplastic anemia of hepatitis virus infection, and interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis, it is possible that inadequate thrombopoietin in the liver could also be contributing, since the liver is a major site of thrombopoietin production.
This seems to be the case, since liver transplantation immediately augments serum TPO levels, an effect that then leads to platelet recovery. It remains to be determined, however, whether the administration of TPO to such patients is beneficial or even feasible (since the timing of transplantation precludes use of TPO in a timely manner).
