It will be a long time before widespread use of the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine begins to yield a decline in the number of suspicious results from Pap smears. Although it has become common to test for the virus in ambiguous tissue samples, even when it turns up the implications aren't always clear. Particularly among younger women, the presence of HPV in the cervix can be benign. Is the virus just living in the cervix, or has it begun to transform the cells?
Biologists have been busy developing biomarkers that can distinguish innocent from malignant HPV infections. The past few years have seen a proliferation of studies testing molecular signals of cervical cancer. Many of them use home-grown laboratory methods, but tests for several of these biomarkers are now commercially available.
One of the most promising biomarkers, the protein p16, appears to be adept at identifying high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and at clarifying the nature of equivocal cytology results from Pap smears. It also plays a part in a panel of 3 biomarkers that are useful for identifying the origin of cancer cells when the tumor arises at the junction between the cervix and endometrium. Knowing exactly where the malignancy arose is crucial because it affects the choice of treatment.
P16 is a cell-regulatory protein. In cervical cancer, the oncogenes associated with the cancer-causing properties of HPV have the effect of blocking the functions of p16 in the cell cycle. However, when HPV integrates into the host genome, this disruption leads to a buildup of p16 and its overepression in cervical cells that are transformed.
A steady stream of research has supported the value of p16 in pinpointing high-risk cervical specimens. Last month, a pathology team headed by Kenneth R. Shroyer, MD, PhD, of Stony Brook University in New York, reported in Cancer Cytopathology that for detecting grade 2 or higher cervical intraepithelial lesions in histological samples, the p16 assay on Pap samples was as sensitive as, and more specific than, detection of HPV itself as measured by the exquisitely specific polymerase chain reaction test.
An even larger study, a collaboration of numerous pathology centers in Europe, looked at more than 800 cervical Pap samples of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, comparing the ability of p16 with the ability of HPV testing to predict the emergence of high-grade neoplasia 6 months later. The p16 test outperformed both the HPV assay and human cytologists. (The study was supported by mtm Laboratories of Heidelberg, Germany, the manufacturer of CINtec, the major commercial test for p16.)
Other recent trials from
A newer test called ProEx C, which detects two other proteins that are overexpressed in cervical cancer (minichromosome maintenance protein 2 and topoisomerase II-alpha), has shown similar promise in initial studies. There isn't yet nearly as much evidence yet in favor of ProEx C as for p16, but the first results suggest that their performance may be equivalent.
In any case, they are regarded as equivalent by Stanford University pathologists who wanted to find the best way to distinguish two tissues that have significant morphological overlap even to the experienced eye of the pathologist: endometrial and endocervical carcinoma. Using tissue samples from the Stanford pathology archive, they assessed the ability of 3 markers for HPV (p16, ProEx C and in situ hybridization) as well as several traditional histochemical markers, for their ability to distinguish the site of origin for histological samples when this is not clear.
Their report, which appears this month in the American Journal of Surgical Pathology, is an update of a similar trial completed 8 years ago by a different team with the same goal but older reagents. Using an algorithm that analyzed the performance of numerous biomarkers alone and in combination, the Stanford pathologists sought the minimum number of currently available tests that can make the distinction between endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma reliably.
Except for a few special cases, they conclude, a panel of 3 markers—estrogen or progesterone receptor, vimentin (a ubiquitous filament protein) and any of 3 tests for HPV (p16, ProEx C, or in situ hybridization)—is optimal for distinguishing between endocervical and endometrial carcinomas.
Results for ProEx C appeared comparable in most cases to those for p16; the numbers were too small to find a strong difference between them in this limited application. The familiar biomarker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which was favored in the previous study, could not stand up to its newer competition and is not included in the panel of tests recommended in the more recent report.
