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ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Recurrent Hodgkin LymphomaBy combining the most recent medical literature and expert opinion, this revised guideline can aid clinicians in the complex decision-making associated with the management of recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Nutrition During and After Cancer TherapyIn 2008, roughly 1.44 million Americans were diagnosed with cancer,[1] and accordingly were labeled as “cancer survivors.” Fortunately, for roughly 65% of those who were newly diagnosed, this label will expand to encompass issues of long-term survivorship and health maintenance.[2] Extended cancer survivorship is a relatively new concept. In the past, most people who were diagnosed with the disease did not survive it. While longer survival times are a measure of success, the dark side of this victory is that a substantial proportion of these survivors will experience recurrence or second cancers. In addition, many more will go on to develop comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, or osteoporosis, which often kill or debilitate survivors at much higher rates than the cancer itself.[3,4]
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The "Epidemic" of Breast Cancer in the U.S.--Determining the FactorsBreast cancer incidence rates in the United States rose by 24% between 1973 and 1991. Mortality during this period, however, remained stable. Both the 5-year relative survival rate and the rates of in situ and stage I
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Is There a Role for Dose-Intensive Chemotherapy With Stem Cell Rescue in Breast Cancer?Over the past decade, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow and/or peripheral blood rescue has been increasingly used to treat women with breast cancer. Laboratory and clinical studies have shown that dose intensity may be important in treating selected patients with breast cancer. Initial phase I studies showed good response rates of short durations. Further trials in metastatic disease with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue earlier in the treatment course had been encouraging. However, the optimal timing of high-dose chemotherapy remains a question. In addition, randomized trials in high-risk early-stage breast cancer have completed accrual. Technologic improvements in stem cell procurement and hematopoietic growth factors have contributed to decreased morbidity and mortality. This review will discuss the role of such therapy in the treatment of women with breast cancer. [ONCOLOGY 16:1643-1656, 2002]
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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Many Questions, Much Promise…In 2006, after a third consecutive large-scale US phase III trial conducted by the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) confirmed that use of intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy in optimally resected stage III epithelial ovarian cancer results in superior overall survival (OS) and/or progression-free survival (PFS),[
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Paclitaxel and UFT Plus Oral Calcium Folinate in Pretreated Metastatic Breast CancerThis phase I study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting side effects of combination treatment with paclitaxel (Taxol) and UFT (uracil and tegafur in a 4:1 molar ratio) plus oral
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Physical Activity Across the Cancer ContinuumIn our commentary, we will address ways to consider this research across the cancer continuum, with a focus on the cancer survivor, highlighting some of the challenges in interpreting the research evidence for translation into clinical practice and noting some research gaps.
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Uterine Sarcomas: The Latest Approaches for These Rare but Potentially Deadly TumorsIn this review we discuss preoperative diagnosis and the role of pathology, and we summarize the current literature regarding the management of uterine sarcomas.
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Paclitaxel as First-Line Treatment for Metastatic Breast CancerWhen administered as a single agent in pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer, paclitaxel (Taxol) exhibits remarkable antitumor activity. This trial was undertaken to compare paclitaxel with standard
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Genetics of Colorectal CancerApproximately 6% of colorectal cancers can be attributed to recognizable heritable germline mutations. Familial adenomatous polyposis is an autosomal dominant syndrome classically presenting with hundreds to thousands of adenomatous colorectal polyps that are caused by mutations in the APC gene.
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PSA Testing: Don't toss the baby out with the bathwater: Readers respond to “Two major studies add fuel to fire of PSA controversy,” April 2009, Cancer Care Practice & Policy, page 8.PSA is the most important biomarker in a common malignancy. I will continue to test men starting at age 35 if there is a family history of prostate or breast cancer. Depending on the vitality of the individual, I will continue with PSA testing for the duration of the man’s health.
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Prophylactic Surgery in Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer SyndromeDrs. Levine and Gemignani havecomposed an excellent comprehensivereview of the issuessurrounding prophylactic surgeryin patients at high risk for breast andovarian cancer. Their article focuseson the role of BRCA1/2 mutations inthe risk of developing hereditary breastand ovarian cancer and the data supportingrisk reduction in mutation carriersundergoing prophylactic surgery.
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Reversing the Surgical Stigma for Small-Cell Lung CancerJust as in recent years attitudes and treatment therapies have changed regarding non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it is time that the same occur for its small-cell counterpart. Although treatment for advanced-stage small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is fairly standardized, there remain a number of controversies that have yet to be clarified by evidence-based data.
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Docetaxel vs Doxorubicin in Metastatic Breast Cancer Resistant to Alkylating ChemotherapySingle-agent docetaxel (Taxotere) has been shown to be highly active in metastatic breast cancer, with an overall response rate of 47%, median time to progression of 4 months, and survival of 10 months when administered as
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Imaging Prostate Cancer: Current and Future ApplicationsVarious treatment options are available for adenocarcinoma of the prostate-the most common malignant neoplasm among men in the United States. To select an optimum management strategy, we must be able to identify an organ-confined disease (in which local therapy such as surgery or radiation may be beneficial) vs prostate cancer beyond the confines of the gland (for which other treatment approaches may be more appropriate). At present, no standard imaging modality can by itself reliably diagnose and/or stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Standard transrectal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, bone scans, and plain x-ray are not sufficiently reliable when used alone. Fortunately, advances in imaging technology have led to the development of several promising modalities. These modalities include color and power Doppler ultrasonography, ultrasound contrast agents, intermittent and harmonic ultrasound imaging, MR contrast imaging, MRI with fat suppression, MRI spectroscopy, three-dimensional MRI spectroscopy, elastography, and radioimmunoscintigraphy. These newer imaging techniques appear to improve the yield of prostate cancer detection and staging, but are limited in availability and thus require further validation. This article reviews the status of current imaging modalities for prostate cancer and identifies emerging imaging technologies that may improve the diagnosis and staging of this disease. [ONCOLOGY 15(3):325-342, 2001]
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Commentary (Sahebi/Forman): The Role of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Myelodysplastic SyndromeDrs. Thompson and Luger have written a thoughtful and comprehensive review of the therapeutic options and issues facing physicians caring for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In our commentary, we would like to highlight and expand on several areas of their analysis.
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p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene Therapy for CancerGene therapy has the potential to provide cancer treatments based on novel mechanisms of action with potentially low toxicities. This therapy may provide more effective control of locoregional recurrence in diseases like non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as well as systemic control of micrometastases. Despite current limitations, retroviral and adenoviral vectors can, in certain circumstances, provide an effective means of delivering therapeutic genes to tumor cells. Although multiple genes are involved in carcinogenesis, mutations of the p53 gene are the most frequent abnormality identified in human tumors. Preclinical studies both in vitro and in vivo have shown that restoring p53 function can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. High levels of p53 expression and DNA-damaging agents like cisplatin (Platinol) and ionizing radiation work synergistically to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Phase I clinical trials now show that p53 gene replacement therapy using both retroviral and adenoviral vectors is feasible and safe. In addition, p53 gene replacement therapy induces tumor regression in patients with advanced NSCLC and in those with recurrent head and neck cancer. This article describes various gene therapy strategies under investigation, reviews preclinical data that provide a rationale for the gene replacement approach, and discusses the clinical trial data available to date. [ ONCOLOGY 13(Suppl 5):148-154, 1999]
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Nonepithelial Malignancies of the BreastDrs. Chugh and Baker's concisereview highlights diseaseentities we hear little of, andmay never see, but of which we mustbe cognizant. The article serves as avaluable reminder that not every breastmass that is palpated or detected byradiologic screening represents eithera carcinoma or benign entity such as afibroadenoma. Although rare, the nonepithelialmalignancies must beconsidered in a complete differentialdiagnosis.
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Molecular Markers for Diagnosis, Staging, and Prognosis of Bladder CancerConventional histopathologic evaluation of bladder cancer, encompassing tumor grade and stage, is inadequate to accurately predict the behavior of most bladder tumors. Intense research efforts are under way to identify and
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Improved Metastatic Uterine Papillary Serous Cancer Outcome With Treatment of Mast Cell Activation SyndromeA 71-year-old woman not on hormone replacement therapy presented with uterine bleeding. Dilation and curettage revealed complex hyperplasia with atypia, focal clear-cell features, and endocervicitis. Endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma was suspected.
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Empiric Antifungal Therapy for the Neutropenic PatientThe article written by Drs. Wingard and Leather presents a thoughtful review of the current approaches to empiric antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients. Empiric antifungal therapy has evolved as a standard of care for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients who remain persistently febrile despite the use of broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotics.[1-3] Empiric antifungal therapy in this setting provides early treatment for clinically occult invasive fungal infections and systemic prophylaxis for neutropenic patients at highest risk.
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Hematopoietic Cell TransplantationHematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the IV infusion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells designed to establish marrow and immune function in patients with a variety of acquired and inherited malignant and nonmalignant disorders.
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Integrating PARP Inhibitors Into Advanced Prostate Cancer TherapeuticsExperts in the field review integration of approved PARP inhibitors into advanced prostate cancer clinical practice.
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Book Review: Cancer Treatment: 4th EditionThe 1995 Cancer Treatment edited by Dr. Charles Haskell is the fourth edition of his original textbook published in 1980. Cancer Treatment has kept pace with advances in oncology over these 15 years, and the fourth edition includes new
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Reinventing Bone Marrow TransplantationThe therapeutic benefit of allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation is due largely to an immune graft-vs-malignancy effect. Most of the evidence for such an effect has come from studies of allogeneic transplantation in
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Managed Care: To Live and Die in LAIn Los Angeles, the future seems to arrive a little sooner than in the rest of the country. The defense-based economy has crashed and burned, shifting hundreds of thousands of employees into managed care plans, mostly HMOs.
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Multimodal Approach to Anaplastic Thyroid CancerIn this article, we endeavor to clarify the role of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of ATC; we note important contributions of the historical literature, and we review more contemporary strategies adopted by several renowned institutions.
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Why Oncologists Should Refer Patients Earlier for Hospice CareIn this article, prognostic data are summarized and a suggested approach for discussing hospice enrollment with patients is presented.
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Stephen M. Ansell, MD, PhD, on Progress of CAR T-Cell TherapyThe Mayo Clinic expert highlights exciting advancements being made in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for blood cancer.
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Brachytherapy Boost Techniques for Locally Advanced Prostate CancerDr. Vicini and colleagues provide an excellent review of the experience to date utilizing interstitial brachytherapy in the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer. As the authors mention, ample evidence suggests the existence of a dose-
