News
Media
Conferences
Publications
Events
CME/CE
Resources
Career Center
Subscribe

|Videos|May 3, 2017

IMRT vs Proton Therapy in Esophageal Cancer

Author(s)Steven H. Lin, MD, PhD

This video reviews the advantages and disadvantages of IMRT and proton therapy for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

The current standard for treating patients with esophageal cancer is 3D radiation, but newer technologies such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and proton therapy have shown the ability to reduce toxicity by limiting radiation to the surrounding tissue.

In this video, Steven H. Lin, MD, PhD, of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, reviews IMRT and proton therapy, discussing some of the advantages and disadvantages.

Newsletter

Stay up to date on recent advances in the multidisciplinary approach to cancer.

Related Content

New Data in Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancer Shared at ESMO GI 2026: © Sebastian Kaulitzki - stock.adobe.com

Five Gastrointestinal Cancer Abstracts You May Have Missed at ESMO GI 2026

ByCancer Network Staff

July 7th 2026

Did ASCO 2026 Deliver on Its Biggest Pre-Meeting Predictions?

Did ASCO 2026 Deliver on Its Biggest Pre-Meeting Predictions?

ByCancer Network Staff

July 4th 2026

The Top GI Oncology Trials of the Year, Ranked by Dr. Nicholas Hornstein

ByAriana Pelosci

July 2nd 2026

Nicholas Hornstein, MD, PhD discusses ctDNA in colorectal cancer, the INTERCEPT-TT trial, building Northwell's GI oncology program, and what better drugs will look like.

Dr Nicholas Hornstein on ctDNA, Colorectal Cancer & Why Better Drugs Are Coming

June 26th 2026

"A PR that does not progress is more valuable than a CR that progressed after 2 or 3 months," said Guilherme Perini, MD, PhD.

Where Does LAG-3/PD-1 Inhibition Fit In PD-1–Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma?

ByCancer Network Staff

June 25th 2026

Latest CME

New Mexico Society of Clinical Oncology

New Mexico Society of Clinical Oncology

2 Sessions are Available!

10th Annual Live Medical Crossfire®: Hematologic Malignancies

In-Person + Virtual Event

10th Annual Live Medical Crossfire®: Hematologic Malignancies

July 11-12, 2026

Tumor Board: Expert Insights on Managing Classical 𝘌𝘎𝘍𝘙 Mutations, 𝘌𝘎𝘍𝘙 Exon 20 Insertions, and Atypical 𝘌𝘎𝘍𝘙 Mutations in Metastatic NSCLC

Tumor Board: Expert Insights on Managing Classical 𝘌𝘎𝘍𝘙 Mutations, 𝘌𝘎𝘍𝘙 Exon 20 Insertions, and Atypical 𝘌𝘎𝘍𝘙 Mutations in Metastatic NSCLC

Balazs Halmos, MD, MS; Enriqueta Felip, MD, PhD; Julia Rotow, MD

Medical Crossfire®: Harnessing the Power of Modern Therapies in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

Medical Crossfire®: Harnessing the Power of Modern Therapies in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

C. Ola Landgren, MD, PhD; Mohamad Mohty, MD, PhD; Surbhi Sidana, MD

Medical Crossfire®: Integrating Next-Generation Endocrine Targeting Therapies to Improve Outcomes for Patients With HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer

Medical Crossfire®: Integrating Next-Generation Endocrine Targeting Therapies to Improve Outcomes for Patients With HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer

William J. Gradishar, MD, FASCO, FACP; Laura Huppert, MD; Yuan Yuan, MD, PhD

$Cases and Conversations™: Sorting Through the Expanding Treatment Options for Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma$

Cases and Conversations™: Sorting Through the Expanding Treatment Options for Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma

C. Ola Landgren, MD, PhD; Mohamad Mohty, MD, PhD; Surbhi Sidana, MD

GI Tumor Board—Applying Recent Advances in Biomarker Testing and Treatment in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

GI Tumor Board—Applying Recent Advances in Biomarker Testing and Treatment in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

John H. Strickler, MD; Stacey A. Cohen, MD; Aparna Parikh, MD; Kanwal P.S. Raghav, MBBS, MD

Cases & Conversations™: Transforming AML Care—Precision Strategies, Evolving Therapies, and Clinical Insights

Cases & Conversations™: Transforming AML Care—Precision Strategies, Evolving Therapies, and Clinical Insights

Gail J. Roboz, MD; Hagop Kantarjian, MD; Catherine Lai, MD, MPH; Amer Zeidan, MBBS, MHS

Medical Crossfire®: Precision Medicine in Glioma Treatment — Integration of Molecular Profiling to Inform Targeted Therapies

Medical Crossfire®: Precision Medicine in Glioma Treatment — Integration of Molecular Profiling to Inform Targeted Therapies

Vinay K. Puduvalli, MD; Manmeet Ahluwalia, MD, MBA; Stephen J. Bagley, MD, MSCE; Angela Waanders, MD, MPH, MS

Medical Crossfire®: Improving Patient Outcomes in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms With Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Medical Crossfire®: Improving Patient Outcomes in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms With Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Rami Komrokji, MD; Gabriela Hobbs, MD; John Mascarenhas, MD; Naveen Pemmaraju, MD

PER Tumor Board®: Applying Recent Advances to Transform the Treatment Paradigm in SCLC—Expert Perspectives on New Approvals and Emerging Strategies

PER Tumor Board®: Applying Recent Advances to Transform the Treatment Paradigm in SCLC—Expert Perspectives on New Approvals and Emerging Strategies

Jonathan W. Goldman, MD; Percy Lee, MD, FASTRO; Erminia Massarelli, MD, PhD, MS; Misty D. Shields, MD, PhD

Evolving Treatment Strategies in Pancreatic Cancer: Current Standards, Emerging Targets, and the Role of Molecular Testing

Evolving Treatment Strategies in Pancreatic Cancer: Current Standards, Emerging Targets, and the Role of Molecular Testing

Eileen M. O’Reilly, MD; E. Gabriela Chiorean, MD, FASCO; Michael J. Pishvaian, MD, PhD; Brian Wolpin, MD, MPH

Medical Crossfire®: Expert Perspectives on Targeting c-Met Overexpression and 𝘔𝘌𝘛 Genomic Alterations in NSCLC – Unveiling the Complexities of 𝘔𝘌𝘛 Dysregulation

Medical Crossfire®: Expert Perspectives on Targeting c-Met Overexpression and 𝘔𝘌𝘛 Genomic Alterations in NSCLC – Unveiling the Complexities of 𝘔𝘌𝘛 Dysregulation

Rebecca Heist, MD, MPH; Alex A. Adjei, MD, PhD, FACP; Sandip Patel, MD, FASCO; Jeremy Segal, MD, PhD

Wisconsin Association of Hematology and Oncology

Wisconsin Association of Hematology and Oncology

2 Sessions are Available!

Indiana Oncology Society

Indiana Oncology Society

2 Sessions are Available!

Arkansas Association of Cancer Professionals

Arkansas Association of Cancer Professionals

1 Session is Available!

Rhode Island Oncology Society

Rhode Island Oncology Society

2 Sessions are Available!

Kentucky Society of Clinical Oncology

Kentucky Society of Clinical Oncology

2 Sessions are Available!

Breast Cancer Tumor Board: Targeting TROP2 – Innovations in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment

Breast Cancer Tumor Board: Targeting TROP2 – Innovations in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment

Joyce O’Shaughnessy, MD; Matthew P. Goetz, MD; Hope S. Rugo, MD, FASCO

Empire State Hematology & Oncology Society (New York)

Empire State Hematology & Oncology Society (New York)

2 Sessions are Available!

Minnesota Society of Clinical Oncology

Minnesota Society of Clinical Oncology

2 Sessions are Available!

South Carolina Oncology Society

South Carolina Oncology Society

2 Sessions are Available!

West Virginia Oncology Society

West Virginia Oncology Society

1 Session is Available!

North Carolina Oncology Association

North Carolina Oncology Association

1 Session is Available!

Breaking Down the Rationale for Targeting TROP2 in TNBC

Breaking Down the Rationale for Targeting TROP2 in TNBC

Filipa Lynce, MD; Rita Nanda, MD

Dissecting Clinical Trial and Real-World Data for ADCs in TNBC

Dissecting Clinical Trial and Real-World Data for ADCs in TNBC

Filipa Lynce, MD; Rita Nanda, MD

Establishing the Rationale for ADC and ICI Combinations in TNBC

Establishing the Rationale for ADC and ICI Combinations in TNBC

Virginia Kaklamani, MD, DSc; Tiffany A. Traina, MD, FASCO

Evaluating the Latest Data and Ongoing Trials for Novel ADC Approaches in TNBC

Evaluating the Latest Data and Ongoing Trials for Novel ADC Approaches in TNBC

Aditya Bardia, MD, MPH, FASCO; Erika P. Hamilton, MD

Expert Guidance on Frequently Asked Questions Regarding the Use of ADCs in TNBC

Expert Guidance on Frequently Asked Questions Regarding the Use of ADCs in TNBC

Aditya Bardia, MD, MPH, FASCO; Erika P. Hamilton, MD; Virginia Kaklamani, MD, DSc

Tennessee Oncology Practice Society

Tennessee Oncology Practice Society

1 Session is Available!

Washington State Medical Oncology Society

Washington State Medical Oncology Society

1 Session is Available!

Kansas Society of Clinical Oncology

Kansas Society of Clinical Oncology

1 Session is Available!

Colorado Oncology Society

Colorado Oncology Society

1 Session is Available!

Breaking Down the Latest Clinical Data for First-line Maintenance and R/R SCLC

Breaking Down the Latest Clinical Data for First-line Maintenance and R/R SCLC

Rahul Gosain, MD, MBA; Rohit Gosain, MD; Hossein Borghaei, DO, MS

Wyoming State Oncology Society

Wyoming State Oncology Society

1 Session is Available!

Montana State Oncology Society

Montana State Oncology Society

1 Session is Available!

Optimizing Treatment for Biliary Tract Cancers

Optimizing Treatment for Biliary Tract Cancers

Ghassan Abou-Alfa, MD, MBA; Laura Williams Goff, MD, MSCI, MMHC, FASCO; Arndt Vogel, MD, PhD

Broadening the Frontline—Studies Informing the Use of Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Broadening the Frontline—Studies Informing the Use of Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Ghassan Abou-Alfa, MD, MBA; Laura Williams Goff, MD, MSCI, MMHC, FASCO; Arndt Vogel, MD, PhD

Cross-Disease Integration of Immunotherapy Innovations

Cross-Disease Integration of Immunotherapy Innovations

Ghassan Abou-Alfa, MD, MBA; Laura Williams Goff, MD, MSCI, MMHC, FASCO; Arndt Vogel, MD, PhD

PER Resource Center: Integrating Novel Approaches in TNBC – New Avenues for TROP2-Targeting ADCs and Beyond – Nursing

PER Resource Center: Integrating Novel Approaches in TNBC – New Avenues for TROP2-Targeting ADCs and Beyond – Nursing

Aditya Bardia, MD, MPH, FASCO; Erika P. Hamilton, MD; Virginia Kaklamani, MD, DSc; Filipa Lynce, MD; Rita Nanda, MD; Tiffany A. Traina, MD, FASCO

Practical Considerations and Future Directions for New Treatment Strategies in SCLC

Practical Considerations and Future Directions for New Treatment Strategies in SCLC

Rahul Gosain, MD, MBA; Rohit Gosain, MD; Misty D. Shields, MD, PhD

Expert Roundtable and Panel Discussions: Current and Future Landscape of TNBC

Expert Roundtable and Panel Discussions: Current and Future Landscape of TNBC

Aditya Bardia, MD, MPH, FASCO; Erika P. Hamilton, MD; Tiffany A. Traina, MD, FASCO

Show Me the Data®: New and Emerging Roles for Oral SERD Therapy in the Treatment of ER+/HER2– Breast Cancer

Show Me the Data®: New and Emerging Roles for Oral SERD Therapy in the Treatment of ER+/HER2– Breast Cancer

Ana C. Garrido-Castro, MD; Pedram Razavi, MD, PhD

Arizona Clinical Oncology Society

Arizona Clinical Oncology Society

2 Sessions are Available!

Nevada Oncology Society

Nevada Oncology Society

2 Sessions are Available!

Navigating Treatment Gaps in SCLC: Relapse, Resistance, and Need for New Options

Navigating Treatment Gaps in SCLC: Relapse, Resistance, and Need for New Options

Rahul Gosain, MD, MBA; Rohit Gosain, MD; Giannis Mountzios ΜD, PhD

Imaging Matters: Decoding PSMA PET for Better Decision-Making

Imaging Matters: Decoding PSMA PET for Better Decision-Making

Jeremie Calais, MD, PhD; Tanya B. Dorff, MD; Scott T. Tagawa, MD, MS, FACP, FASCO

Ready for Radioligand Therapy? Patient Selection and Sequencing Simplified

Ready for Radioligand Therapy? Patient Selection and Sequencing Simplified

Jeremie Calais, MD, PhD; Tanya B. Dorff, MD; Scott T. Tagawa, MD, MS, FACP, FASCO

Radioligand Therapy 101: The Science Behind the Strategy

Radioligand Therapy 101: The Science Behind the Strategy

Jeremie Calais, MD, PhD; Tanya B. Dorff, MD; Scott T. Tagawa, MD, MS, FACP, FASCO

Working Together: Overcoming Barriers to Optimize Outcomes in Patients Treated With Radioligand Therapy Through Multidisciplinary Care

Working Together: Overcoming Barriers to Optimize Outcomes in Patients Treated With Radioligand Therapy Through Multidisciplinary Care

Jeremie Calais, MD, PhD; Tanya B. Dorff, MD; Nerina McDonald, MSPAS, PA-C; Scott T. Tagawa, MD, MS, FACP, FASCO

BURST CME™ Resource Center: Integrating Novel PSMA-Directed Radioligand Approaches for Diagnosis and Management of Prostate Cancer

BURST CME™ Resource Center: Integrating Novel PSMA-Directed Radioligand Approaches for Diagnosis and Management of Prostate Cancer

Jeremie Calais, MD, PhD; Tanya B. Dorff, MD; Nerina McDonald, MSPAS, PA-C; Scott T. Tagawa, MD, MS, FACP, FASCO

Community Practice Connections™: Enhancing Melanoma Outcomes With Intratumoral Oncolytic Immunotherapy–Strategies for the Multidisciplinary Team

Community Practice Connections™: Enhancing Melanoma Outcomes With Intratumoral Oncolytic Immunotherapy–Strategies for the Multidisciplinary Team

Yana G. Najjar, MD; Sapna Patel, MD

Advances in Managing EGFR-Mutant NSCLC: Applying Evidence Across the Disease Continuum

Advances in Managing EGFR-Mutant NSCLC: Applying Evidence Across the Disease Continuum

Tina Cascone, MD, PhD; Christina Baik, MD, MPH; David Planchard, MD, PhD

A New Era of Targeted Therapy for Advanced NSCLC: Exploring Future Directions for Bispecific Antibodies and ADCs

A New Era of Targeted Therapy for Advanced NSCLC: Exploring Future Directions for Bispecific Antibodies and ADCs

Sandip Patel, MD, FASCO; Myung-Ju Ahn, MD; Giannis Mountzios, MD, MSc, PhD; Zofia Piotrowska, MD, MHS

Navigating Advances in Neovascular Retinal Disease: Translating Evidence to Practice in AMD, DME, and RVO

Navigating Advances in Neovascular Retinal Disease: Translating Evidence to Practice in AMD, DME, and RVO

SriniVas R. Sadda, MD, FARVO; Mark R. Barakat, MD, FASRS; David A. Eichenbaum, MD, FASRS

Enhancing Prostate Cancer Outcomes – The Role of PSMA and Targeted Treatment Strategies

Enhancing Prostate Cancer Outcomes – The Role of PSMA and Targeted Treatment Strategies

Ana Kiess, MD, PhD; Erin Grady, MD, CCD, FACNM, FSNMMI; Himanshu Nagar, MD, MS; Scott T. Tagawa, MD, MS, FASCO, FACP

(CME Track) Antibody–Drug Conjugates in Oncology: The Essentials of AE Management for Better Patient Outcomes

(CME Track) Antibody–Drug Conjugates in Oncology: The Essentials of AE Management for Better Patient Outcomes

Michelle L. Taylor, ANP-BC; Emely Alfaro, DNP, RN, CNS, OCN; Paige Griffith, CRNP; Beth Sandy, MSN, CRNP, FAPO

9th Annual School of Nursing Oncology™

9th Annual School of Nursing Oncology™

Beth Faiman, PhD, MSN, APN-BC, BMTCN, AOCN, FAAN, FAPO; Beth Sandy, MSN, CRNP, FAPO; Lindsay Adkins, MSN, FNP-BC, BMTCN; Jeneth Aquino, DNP, FNP-BC; Casey Gormley, MSN, FNP-C, AOCNP; Heather J. Jackson, PhD, FNP-BC; Kelsey Martin, AG-ACNP-BC, AOCNP; Nerina T. McDonald, PA-C; Lauren Verity Moore, DNP, MSN, AGACNP-BC; Faith A. Mutale, DNP, CRNP; Tiffany Richards, PhD, ANP-BC, AOCNP; Emily Skotte, DNP, MSN, ACNP-BC; Leslie Smith, DNP, RN, APRN-CNS, AOCNS, BMTCN; Saneese Stephen, PA-C, MPAS; Sara M. Tinsley-Vance, PhD, APRN, AOCN

Community Practice Connections™: Optimizing SCLC Treatment Strategies and Managing Adverse Events Across Disease Stages

Community Practice Connections™: Optimizing SCLC Treatment Strategies and Managing Adverse Events Across Disease Stages

Erminia Massarelli, MD, PhD, MS; Misty D. Shields, MD, PhD

Personalized Approaches in NSCLC: Early Detection, Molecular Testing, and Targeted Therapies

Personalized Approaches in NSCLC: Early Detection, Molecular Testing, and Targeted Therapies

Charu Aggarwal, MD, MPH, FASCO; Zofia Piotrowska, MD, MHS

Community Practice Connections™: DLL3-Targeting Bispecific Antibodies for Small Cell Lung Cancer—From Innovation to Practice

Community Practice Connections™: DLL3-Targeting Bispecific Antibodies for Small Cell Lung Cancer—From Innovation to Practice

Jacob Sands, MD; Anne Chiang, MD, PhD

Hot Seat: How Experts Are Integrating the Latest Practice-Changing Data Into Their Breast Cancer Clinics

Hot Seat: How Experts Are Integrating the Latest Practice-Changing Data Into Their Breast Cancer Clinics

Tiffany A. Traina, MD, FASCO; Nour Abuhadra, MD; Joshua Z. Drago, MD, MS; Ruth O’Regan, MD; Vered Stearns, MD, FASCO; Neil Vasan, MD, PhD; Anna Weiss, MD

Cases and Conversations™: Transforming Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Through Emerging Evidence and Expert Insights

Cases and Conversations™: Transforming Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Through Emerging Evidence and Expert Insights

Charles M. Rudin, MD, PhD; Anne Chiang, MD, PhD, FASCO; Jacob M. Sands, MD

Biomarker Testing in HER2+ GEA: Diagnosis and Treatment Implications

Biomarker Testing in HER2+ GEA: Diagnosis and Treatment Implications

Rahul Gosain, MD, MBA; Rohit Gosain, MD; Rutika Mehta, MD, MPH

Navigating the Adverse Event Landscape in HER2+ GEA Therapy

Navigating the Adverse Event Landscape in HER2+ GEA Therapy

Rahul Gosain, MD, MBA; Rohit Gosain, MD; Geoffery Ku, MD; Shruti Patel, MD

Hot Seat: Converging Lines in the Management of RAS-Altered Cancers

Hot Seat: Converging Lines in the Management of RAS-Altered Cancers

Shubham Pant, MD, MBBS; Alison Schram, MD; Helena Yu, MD

(CME Track) Tackling Oncologic Emergencies in Patients Treated With High-Dose Methotrexate

(CME Track) Tackling Oncologic Emergencies in Patients Treated With High-Dose Methotrexate

Shazia Nakhoda, MD; Shruti Gupta, MD, MPH; Anitha Varghese, MSN, APRN, AGPCNP-C

Cases & Conversations™: Unmasking Epithelioid Sarcoma – Enhancing Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Care

Cases & Conversations™: Unmasking Epithelioid Sarcoma – Enhancing Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Care

Mark Agulnik, MD; Mrinal M. Gounder, MD; Sandra D’Angelo, MD; Sujana Movva, MD

The Rise of Novel HER2-Targeting Therapies in GEA: Mechanisms and Clinical Data

The Rise of Novel HER2-Targeting Therapies in GEA: Mechanisms and Clinical Data

Rahul Gosain, MD, MBA; Rohit Gosain, MD

Beyond Primary End Points: Digging Into Randomized and Real-World Data to Guide Challenging Treatment Decisions in HR+/HER2− Metastatic Breast Cancer

Beyond Primary End Points: Digging Into Randomized and Real-World Data to Guide Challenging Treatment Decisions in HR+/HER2− Metastatic Breast Cancer

Seth A. Wander, MD, PhD; Marla D. Lipsyc-Sharf, MD

Show Me the Data™: Personalizing First-Line and Maintenance Therapy in HER2+ Metastatic Breast Cancer to Extend Survival and Elevate Quality of Life

Show Me the Data™: Personalizing First-Line and Maintenance Therapy in HER2+ Metastatic Breast Cancer to Extend Survival and Elevate Quality of Life

Sara A. Hurvitz, MD, FACP; Rena Callahan, MD; Michelle Melisko, MD; Paolo Tarantino, MD, PhD

Diagnosis and Management of TGCT

Diagnosis and Management of TGCT

Mark Agulnik, MD; Lee M. Zuckerman, MD

Medical Crossfire®: The Who, When, and How of TROP2-Targeting ADCs, ICIs, and PARP inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Medical Crossfire®: The Who, When, and How of TROP2-Targeting ADCs, ICIs, and PARP inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Hope S. Rugo, MD; Alison K. Conlin, MD; Marleen Kok, MD, PhD; Heather McArthur, MD, MPH

Revolutionizing TGCT Care with Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Cutting-Edge Targeted Therapies

Revolutionizing TGCT Care with Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Cutting-Edge Targeted Therapies

Mark Agulnik, MD; Lee M. Zuckerman, MD

Optimizing Multidisciplinary Care in TGCT

Optimizing Multidisciplinary Care in TGCT

Mark Agulnik, MD; Lee M. Zuckerman, MD

From Frontline to Heavily Pretreated HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer: Expert Perspectives on Optimizing the Expanding Treatment Armamentarium

From Frontline to Heavily Pretreated HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer: Expert Perspectives on Optimizing the Expanding Treatment Armamentarium

Erika P. Hamilton, MD; Giuseppe Curigliano, MD, PhD; VK Gadi, MD, PhD; Jason Aboudi Mouabbi, MD

Real-World Insights on Advances in the Management of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: How the Experts Apply the Latest Developments to Clinical Practice

Real-World Insights on Advances in the Management of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: How the Experts Apply the Latest Developments to Clinical Practice

Naveen Pemmaraju, MD; Shannon Elf, PhD; Angela Fleischman, MD, PhD; Bethan Psaila, MD

Trending on CancerNetwork

FDA OKs Pembrolizumab/EV Combo in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

FDA Approves Subcutaneous Isatuximab in Multiple Myeloma

HARMONi-6: Evaluating the Safety and Generalizability of Ivonescimab in NSCLC

Ateganosine Combo Demonstrates Disease Control in Third-Line NSCLC

EMA’s Review of Daraxonrasib in PDAC Accelerated Under Phased Review Process