Living Life to the Fullest: An Essential Goal
August 3rd 2009Living life to the fullest is an essential goal for everyone, and cancer survivors deserve no less. Almost 12 million cancer survivors in the US today are living longer and experiencing the long-term consequences of their disease and its treatments. Nurses will be providing much of the care that these survivors will require. The quotation cited in the article by Dr. Haylock articulates the problems of survivors living with advanced cancer. The words “I can’t die yet, I still have frequent flier miles”
Oral Mucositis in Radiation/Chemotherapy: Treatment Similarities
August 3rd 2009Oral mucositis (OM), also referred to as stomatitis, can negatively impact radiation and chemotherapy treatment schedules and add to oncology patients’ emotional and physical distress. About 35% to 40% of patients treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy will develop OM, with higher rates occurring in bone marrow transplant patients.
Fatigue in Long-Term Cancer Survivors
August 3rd 2009Cancer-related fatigue is a common side effect during cancer treatment, and research demonstrates that it is a troubling, lingering side effect for many long-term survivors. Long-term cancer survivor fatigue is under-reported, underdiagnosed, and undertreated.[1] Studies suggest that the prevalence of fatigue in breast cancer survivors may be as high as 30%,[2] and that fatigue levels are higher in cancer survivors than in healthy controls,[3] even as long as 5 years after treatment.[1]
Hypertension Management in the Era of Targeted Therapies for Cancer
April 9th 2009Hypertension (HTN) is prevalent in the general population, particularly in individuals over the age of 60 years. More than 50% of individuals aged 60 to 69 years and more than 75% of individuals age 70 or older are affected.[1]
An Alkylating Agent for CLL and NHL
April 9th 2009Bendamustine HCl for injection is FDA approved for treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) that has progressed during or within 6 months of treatment with rituximab (Rituxan) or a rituximab-containing regimen.
Vesicant Extravasation From an Implanted Venous Access Port
April 9th 2009The patient, “JB,” is a 68-year-old woman who underwent a right lumpectomy and axillary node dissection for stage II breast cancer. Her oncologist suggested adjuvant chemotherapy (four cycles of cyclophosphamide [Cytoxan] at 600 mg/m2 plus doxorubicin [Adriamycin] at 60 mg/m2) followed by local radiation therapy.
Survivorship Care: Essential Components and Models of Delivery
April 9th 2009When caring for patients with a new cancer diagnosis, oncology nurses generally have clear and distinct plans to assist each patient through the phases of diagnosis and treatment. Nurses provide guidance, support, and well-defined patient education regarding the planned treatment, as well as anticipatory guidance regarding management of side effects and emotional responses to diagnosis and treatment.
Cardiotoxicities of Breast Cancer Treatment
April 8th 2009One of the potential side effects of chemotherapy is cardiac toxicity. The resulting damage to the heart can range from non–life-threatening events to devastating heart failure. The spectrum of these events can occur almost immediately, during a drug infusion, or as a delayed complication later in the patient’s life. Oncology nurses not only need to be familiar with identifying and intervening in acute cardiac events, but also in some instances will need to monitor for delayed cardiac toxicities during the continuum of the patient’s life.
Improving the End-of-Life Experience
April 7th 2009Hospice care continues to be underutilized. Indeed, owing to untimely referrals, many patients who begin hospice care unfortunately die shortly thereafter, having never received the full benefits provided by hospice. In her excellent article, Dr. Prince-Paul provides a case example that demonstrates the familiar multifaceted issues faced by cancer patients nearing end of life and discusses how hospice care could be of tremendous benefit to the patient, family, and professional.
When Hospice Is the Best Option: An Opportunity to Redefine Goals
April 7th 2009Ms. D is a 45-year-old woman with ovarian cancer and hepatic metastatic disease. She has received multimodal treatment over the past 5 years. Ms. D lives in her own home, is divorced, and is a single parent of two adolescent children. Her mother is her primary caregiver and also has a deteriorating health condition.
Living Well: A Goal for All Patients
April 6th 2009Change is in the air-and I don’t just mean the arrival of spring. The current national focus on health care is clearly evident from many quarters, including policy makers, health care institutions, and clinical staff. In addition to the discussion on health care coverage, there is an increasing emphasis on patient-centered care. As a result, we have before us a unique opportunity to assure the inclusion of survivorship and end-of-life care as formal parts of the health care continuum.
The Patient With Cancer-Related Dyspnea
April 6th 2009The patient, "JD," is a 62-year-old Caucasian female who had stage IV non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosed 3 months ago. Her medical history is significant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). She quit smoking cigarettes more than 6 months ago after having smoked a pack per day for 40 years.
The Cytochrome P450 Microenzyme System and Targeted Therapies
February 25th 2009The cytochrome P450 microenzyme system has been an important protective system for living things for at least 3 billion years. It is a group or superfamily of isoenzymes that live in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membrane of cells, and initially were responsible for detoxifying any poisons that were inhaled or ingested. As a result, these enzymes are found in the nose, saliva, kidneys, and lungs, and in greater numbers in the small intestines and liver. Cytochrome P450s account for about 75% of total metabolism and are important in oxidative metabolism-chemical modification/degradation of drugs.
Social Challenges Can Be Significant
February 12th 2009In their informative article, Richard O’Hara and Diane Blum touch on several key challenges of cancer survivorship. Looking at cancer through the lens of social concerns and developmental issues, they have brought important psychosocial aspects of survivorship to the forefront of our attention, with a particular focus on the domain of social well-being within the parameters of interpersonal relationships, and financial, employment, insurance, and legal issues.
A Survivor’s Perspective on Young Adults With Cancer
February 12th 2009When my doctor told me that I would have to put my life on hold at age 25 because tests confirmed that I had Hodgkin’s disease-cancer!-my life changed totally. I had to quit my job, move back in with my parents, and wonder about the quantity and quality of the rest of my life.
Lower Extremity Lymphedema in a Patient With Melanoma
February 12th 2009It is estimated that more than 62,000 men and women will be diagnosed with melanoma in 2008, with more than 8,400 deaths, and an estimated lifetime risk predicted to be 1 in 55.[1] Although deadly in its later stages, melanoma carries an excellent prognosis if it is diagnosed early. Fortunately, most melanoma cases (80%) are diagnosed at a localized stage; the 5-year survival rate for this group is 98.5%.
Social Well-Being and Cancer Survivorship
February 12th 2009Bill, 53 years old and a 3-year survivor of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, reflects on his ongoing journey as a cancer survivor: “I was very sick and treatment was very rough, complete with a severe allergic reaction that was difficult to diagnose for a long time. But I made it through to the other shore…remission. Since then, I’ve been trying to rebuild a new life…Living with an 18-year-old [son], I can see how in some ways I’m in a parallel universe…Both of us are looking out at the world before us, at all the many possible options...trying to figure out what we want tomorrow to look like.
Helping Patients to Navigate Dietary Choices
February 11th 2009As difficult as treatments are for many cancer patients, another difficult time awaits them at the conclusion of therapy. Until that point, patients have become accustomed to the fleeting comfort of regularly scheduled appointments for diagnostic testing, chemotherapy and/or radiation treatments, and ongoing contact with health care professionals. Conclusion of treatment can seem abrupt and the absence of attention can be unsettling for many. It is at this point that patients often ask, “What can I do now to help myself?”
Nutrition During and After Cancer Therapy
February 11th 2009In 2008, roughly 1.44 million Americans were diagnosed with cancer,[1] and accordingly were labeled as “cancer survivors.” Fortunately, for roughly 65% of those who were newly diagnosed, this label will expand to encompass issues of long-term survivorship and health maintenance.[2] Extended cancer survivorship is a relatively new concept. In the past, most people who were diagnosed with the disease did not survive it. While longer survival times are a measure of success, the dark side of this victory is that a substantial proportion of these survivors will experience recurrence or second cancers. In addition, many more will go on to develop comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, or osteoporosis, which often kill or debilitate survivors at much higher rates than the cancer itself.[3,4]
Addressing Bone Loss in the Cancer Survivor
February 11th 2009Osteoporosis, the most common late effect of cancer treatment in the US, occurs with greater frequency among cancer survivors than the general population. Survivors of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and childhood leukemia are at particularly high risk for changes in bone mineral density (BMD) / osteoporosis that can lead to fractures.[1] In breast and prostate cancer patients, bone effects are often the result of endocrine therapy–induced alterations in bone microarchitecture. They also can be caused by other types of cancer therapy, vitamin D deficiency, and other physiological changes that may or may not be related to cancer or its treatment. In childhood leukemia patients, bone effects can be caused by a variety of factors, including corticosteroid therapy, radiation therapy to the brain, and the disease itself.
Commentary (Cardonick): Care of the Pregnant Patient With Cancer
July 1st 2008Cancer occurs in approximately 1 per 1,000 pregnancies. For the woman and her family, the diagnosis creates an emotional upheaval of hopes and fears and raises the issue of immortality and mortality simultaneously. The treatment proposed to save the mother can appear in direct conflict with the desire to protect the developing fetus.
Care of the Pregnant Patient With Cancer
July 1st 2008A diagnosis of cancer and its subsequent treatment can be a very frightening and confusing experience for the pregnant patient, and are challenging for the physician and nurse. As women delay childbirth until later in life, the incidence of pregnancy associated with cancer is expected to increase. Currently, approximately 1 in 1,000 pregnancies is complicated by cancer.[1–5]
Managing Painful Surface Wounds
July 1st 2007Gina, age 9, and Rosemary, age 66. They had different cancers, but developed similar skin ulcers over their entire bodies. Gina's wounds were open to air for 4 weeks. Her pain was severe. Two weeks after starting wound care, Gina allowed us to take pictures of her wounds. We promised to teach doctors and nurses how to care for her wounds. Unfortunately, Gina died. The pictures were lost. A year later, Rosemary was admitted with a similar skin condition and allowed us to photograph the progression of her wound care. Our promise to Gina is now kept. Here we describe the wound care plan necessary to relieve the pain and discomfort of partial-thickness wounds from dermatological conditions in oncology patients.
Implementing Change: A View From the Trenches
July 1st 2007With perhaps 100 patients scheduled for chemotherapy each day and about the same number of consultations, the nurses, physicians, and staff in any medium-sized oncology clinic are fully booked. Changing their routines may be the last thing anyone wants to think about.
Management of Comorbid Diabetes and Cancer
July 1st 2007Diabetes mellitus is a frequent comorbidity of cancer patients. The growing epidemic of diabetes is anticipated to have tremendous impact on health care. Diabetes may negatively impact both cancer risk and outcomes of treatment. Oncology nurses are ideally positioned to identify patients at risk for complications that arise from cancer treatment in the setting of pre-existing diabetes. Additionally, oncology nurses may be the first to identify underlying hyperglycemia/hidden diabetes in a patient undergoing cancer treatment. Strategies for assessment and treatment will be discussed, along with specific strategies for managing hyperglycemia, potential renal toxicity, and peripheral neuropathy. Guidelines for aggressive treatment of hyperglycemia to minimize risks of complications will be reviewed. The role of interdisciplinary care, utilizing current evidence, is crucial to supporting patients and their families as they manage the challenges of facing two life-limiting diseases. Whole-person assessment and individualized treatment plans are key to maximizing quality of life for patients with cancer and diabetes.